# Van Douwen spaces

At the winterschool Alan Dow gave quite challenging tutorials. He also mentioned something about van Douwen spaces.

### Van Douwen Spaces

As formulated here

van Douwen space A countable is a van Douwen space if it is crowded (i.e. has no isolated points) and there is a 1-to-1 function from to that extends to a 2-to-1 function from to .

What caught my interest was that there is an example that has something to do with idempotent ultrafilters. Let me introduce something first.

A partial order On the idempotent ultrafilters (on ) define a partial ordering by

### Digressing

This partial order (as well as its left counterpart and their intersection) is quite important in the algebra in the Stone–Čech-compactification. Mostly because this order has minimal idempotents which are central to the field. (pardon the pun) Oops, after ignoring its definition in my last post this is not a pun. So let me add: a set is in fact central if it is an element of a minimal idempotent. Central, get it? Ah, well…

### Strongly right maximal

For van Douwen spaces it is useful to go in the other direction. There exist many right-maximal elements in this order, but even more can be said.

Strongly right maximal idempotents An idempotent ultrafilters is strongly right maximal if

Yevhen Zelenyuk once gave an example of a right-maximal that is not strongly right maximal assuming CH or MA (and even less). In any case these idempotents are very nice and thanks to Igor Protasov exist under ZFC alone. Nevertheless it is an open question whether consistenly all right-maximal idempotents are strongly right-maximal, i.e., if non-strongly but right-maximal idempotents exist under ZFC alone.

### Back to van Douwen spaces

Anyhow, the main point is that strongly right maximal idempotents have an orbit that is a van Douwen space!

Let be strongly right maximal. Then is a van Douwen space.

And this is what Alan Dow mentioned. Ignoring the crowdedness, this is really easy for in fact more holds in this case.

If is strongly right maximal, then

is injective, hence also its continuous extension to (which is naturally onto the orbit ).

So in fact, it is not just a 2-to-one function, but an injective function. Strange, isn’t it? Strongly right maximality really only speaks of injectivity at , but this is already enough.

#### Proof

The proof needs some basic stuff such as ‘multiplication with fixed right hand side is continuous’. Oh, and you need to know that natural numbers are cancelative…

• Since is cancelative, the maps are injective for all .
• Since is continuous (on a discrete space), its extension to is injective as well.
• Then is injective on .
• If had , then by the above steps .
• Since is strongly right maximal, this would imply — which is absurd since is idempotent, hence free.
• But then by continuity the whole of is injective.

I like that. Now, my favourite kind of idempotent ultrafilters are strongly summable ultrafilters. Those were the first examples of strongly right maximal idempotents, however their existence is independent of ZFC. On the other hand, they have much stronger properties and I would not be surprised if this affected their orbit, i.e., if that van Douwen space is not special somehow.